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| 后移定語形式的常見句型舉例
1.介詞短語作定語時(shí)的移位
這種句型多半由介詞of或for等引出,與被修飾的名詞及謂語動(dòng)詞往往有搭配的關(guān)系。如在前面所舉的例子An estimation is made of the number of cells in l cu mm,謂語動(dòng)詞make與主語名詞estimation就有搭配關(guān)系:make an estimation of(對作出估計(jì))。
再舉兩例:
(1)A brief account has been given of the role of microorganisms in infection. (對微生物在感染中的作用已作簡短說明。)
(2)Special care must be taken of the patients with heart disease who have just been operated on. 對剛動(dòng)過手術(shù)的患有心臟病的病人必須給予特別照顧。
從這兩個(gè)例子不難看出引出短語的介詞與主語和謂語動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系:give account of,takecareof。如果作定語的介詞短語不移位,主語就太長而謂語太短,很不協(xié)調(diào),不符合英語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
2.不定式短語作定語時(shí)的移位
在這類句型中,被修飾的名詞的同源動(dòng)詞或形容詞原本就是要求跟不定式的,用名詞后仍然接不定式短語作定語,這時(shí)的不定式短語表明其名詞的內(nèi)容或過程。如:
The doctors attempted to prevent the epidemic disease from spreading.
The doctors failed in their attempt to prevent the disease from spreading.
類似的詞還有plan,promise,ability,capacity等。例如:
(3)Attempts hav ebeen made to construct protoplasm in the lab. (已多次嘗試在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里構(gòu)造原生質(zhì)。)
(4)The liver capacity was explained in th eprevious chapter to store carbohydrates as glycogen and to release glucose to maintain the normal concentration of glucose in the blood. (前章已解釋了肝臟能以糖原形式儲(chǔ)存糖,并能釋放葡萄糖以保持血液的葡萄糖正常含量。)
(5)The present plan is being undertaken to develop methods for recording and processing the fetal ECG obtained from maternal abdominal electrodes. (計(jì)劃正在實(shí)施,打算建立從母體腹壁上的電極獲得胎兒的心電圖的記錄以及處理的方法。)
(6)No definite evidence exists to support that the patient suffers from angina.(沒有明確的證據(jù)證明病人患心絞痛。)
這種作定語的不定式短語移到謂語之后 , 很容易被看成是狀語而曲解。如第5句中to develop很象目的狀語,實(shí)際上它是闡明 plan 這個(gè)詞的內(nèi)容的,因此在閱讀中要特別注意。試比較下面這個(gè)句子:
The problem should be evaluated in an orderly manner to provide the crucial physiologic information necessary for treatment. 句中不定式短語toprovide作狀語表示目的。
3.分詞短語作定語的移位
分詞短語作定語往往與被修飾的名詞有主謂關(guān)系,可變成定語從句。它與作主語的名詞的分隔也常出現(xiàn)在醫(yī)學(xué)英語中。如:
(7)In our city, five medical colleges have been established, including one in traditional Chinese medicine.(我們市已建立五所醫(yī)學(xué)院校,其中包括一所中醫(yī)學(xué)院。)
(8)About 20 papers were presented at theconference reporting the latest advances in medicine. 在大會(huì)上宣讀了大約20篇有關(guān)醫(yī)學(xué) 新進(jìn)展的論文。
句中including改寫成which include;reporting改寫成which reported等。這類句子中的分詞短語很容易與那些作狀語用的分詞混淆,區(qū)別在于作狀語用的分詞短語是說明謂語的,不能修飾名詞。
4.定語從句的移位
定語從句的移位是這幾種結(jié)構(gòu)中 常見的一種。從句較短語要長,因此移到謂語后的情況就更多些。如:
(9)Nothing should be said that would be distressing to the patient in the event conversation is heard. (不應(yīng)講使病人煩惱的話,以免讓病人聽見。)
(10)Thus,due to the action of ultra-violet rays o nthe skin, substances are produced in the skin which get into the blood and accelerate the processes of metabolism in the various organs of the body. (因此,由于紫外線在皮膚的作用 , 皮膚里產(chǎn)生一些物質(zhì)進(jìn)入血液,可促進(jìn)人體各個(gè)器官的代謝作用。)
(11)Many mild cases are observed in which fever is low and of short duration. (許多輕微病例表現(xiàn)出低熱和病程短。)
以上各句雖都是移到謂語之后的定語從句,形式稍有差異:第9 句由關(guān)系代詞that引出,第10 句由which引出,而第11句的關(guān)系代詞前帶有介詞in。偶爾還會(huì)有關(guān)系副詞引出的定語從句被移到句末。如:The day will come when cancer is curable.
5.同位語從句的移位
從某種意義上來說,同位語從句與定語從句的功能相似,都是說明和修飾名詞的。因此,在醫(yī)學(xué)英語中也能常見到同位語從句的移位現(xiàn)象。例如:
(12)After an X-ray examination, the question arose whether this patient should undergo an operation immediately. (X光檢查后,問題在于病人是否要立即動(dòng)手術(shù)。)
(13)No evidence has been found that rheumatic fever results from persistence of streptococci or their variants in the patient. (還沒有證據(jù)表明風(fēng)濕熱是由在病人體內(nèi)存在的鏈球菌及其變體所引起。
6.定語的其它分隔情況
以上13 個(gè)句子著重討論了在醫(yī)學(xué)英語中名詞作主語時(shí),其各類定語及同位語從句的移位。至于其它的定語與其主體的分隔的句子結(jié)構(gòu)本文不作詳盡解釋 , 僅舉幾例以作比較。
(14)The effects upon the fetus of various drugs are influenced by the size of the dose and the frequency of administration. 句中的修飾名詞的介詞短語of various drugs被 uponthefetus 所分隔。由of引出的介詞短語往往表示名詞的屬性,應(yīng)緊跟在名詞后。因此,正常詞序應(yīng)是the effects of various drugs upon the fetus。
(15)The change in circulation produced by the hot bath has a beneficial effect in cases of stagnation(停滯)of blood in the deeper organ the body.
句中過去分詞短語produced by the hot bath被介詞短語 incirculation隔開。
(16)There is a stage at the onset of certain specific diseases, such as measles, rubella(風(fēng)疹),chicken pox and pertussis(百日咳), which may be indistinguishable from the common cold.
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